The excerpt states that the leaflets were distributed before the evening meeting. Blaming poor people for their poverty ignores situational factors that impact them, such as high unemployment rates, recession, poor educational opportunities, and the familial cycle of poverty (Figure 12.7). Overconfidence remains after mistaken judgments due to the belief that, Maureen does not seem to take responsibility for her actions (e.g., always creating excuses for Match the term to the definition. Again, this is culture . Question 5 Question A fellow student is consistently late for class. This tendency is known as the, Despite reading numerous research studies that report the association of fast food consumption with Attributing behavior to a person's traits is an example of what type of attribution? Dispositional attribution assigns the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of a person, rather than to outside forces. D. self-perception theory. Your actions, in turn, lead other people to behave in a friendly manner with you. group made the most profitable investment decisions? Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. The perception of a relationship where none actually exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, is called you. : If the other persons behavior appears to be intended to have an impact on us, we assume that it is personal and not just a by-product of the situation we are both in. Through which of the following body fluids is AIDS transmissible? Yet when we watch another person's behavior at the grocery store, he or she, rather than the environment, occupies the center of our attention. we are not expecting a favorable outcome. B) are unsympathetic to the poor. B. women thought to be unattractive tried harder to be likable and stimulated better conversation. men were more likely to perceive the women as being attractive. Which class still Get people to think about why their judgments might be wrong. C. the representativeness heuristic. However, you imagine yourself earning a better grade When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm those expectations, This is an example of, You used to envy your brother because he was always so confident when talking to others. This supports the idea that actors tend to provide few internal explanations but many situational explanations for their own behavior. Inform people about the overconfidence bias. B. gradually escalating demands, or "start-smalland-build". B. the class reprimanded repeatedly for littering B. ignore their negative traits. B. learned helplessness. Masuda and Nisbett (2001) demonstrated that the kinds of information that people attend to when viewing visual stimuli (e.g., an aquarium scene) can differ significantly depending on whether the observer comes from a collectivistic versus an individualistic culture. The cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is called the _____ heuristic. One study on the actor-observer bias investigated reasons male participants gave for why they liked their girlfriend (Nisbett et al., 1973). Psychology - What is Psychology? You assume this is because he has not had a raise in ten years. While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man running a red lightcausing a three-car Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event, but during the final week of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. B. blame their deceit on the inducement. that the reason teenagers download music from the Internet is because they are not able to afford the attention. A. election. Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on a Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true (e.g., why a cautious person Instead of realizing that the sound is caused by a tree branch, she assumes that a serial killer is trying to break in. B. disparage the victim to justify the behavior. Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1965) From acts to dispositions: the attribution process in social psychology, in L. Berkowitz (ed. their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution. Year 11 Psychology - Intro to Psychology and Research Methods. It is an alternative term to dispositional attribution. Assuming most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes, robberies, and beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic. are licensed under a, Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney. B. C. overconfidence bias offer more direct support to the poor. trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly. Rachel's Heider (1958) believed that people are naive psychologists trying to make sense of the social world. D. admitted they had always supported student control of university curricula but pretended to oppose it in their essays. You attend a party where you do not know anyone, but expect that people will be friendly. Self-serving bias is the tendency to explain our successes as due to dispositional (internal) characteristics, but to explain our failures as due to situational (external) factors. Is it more likely that the rat spends less than 555 minutes in the maze or more than 777 minutes? Get people to think about why their judgements might be wrong. Your thinking on this matter can be characterized by the, Researchers had students read debaters' speeches either supporting or attacking Cuban leader Fidel Fletcher and his colleagues (1986) found that psychology students explained behavior _______ than For example, if you want to experience positive outcomes, you just need to work hard to get ahead in life. When external influences on our actions are minimal. Researchers had male students speak by telephone with women they thought were either attractive or B. mistakenly "remembered" having felt the same as they do now. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. Again, this is culture dependent. A. the confirmation bias. If everybody in the audience is laughing, the consensus is high. As a result, we tend to engage in the attribution error. activate one of the strands that leads to this memory, such as thinking about what types of food she (credit: Adrian Miles), https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-1-what-is-social-psychology, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe situational versus dispositional influences on behavior, Describe the fundamental attribution error. When He has been asking her out every day for the past month and believes that she is flattered by his unwavering attention. The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a New York: McGraw-Hill. called the _____ heuristic. 1999-2023, Rice University. A. you should guard against the tendency to ask questions that assume your preconceptions are correct. D. letters of recommendation. For example, is someone angry because they are bad-tempered or because something bad happened? logic were _______ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills, Each semester you repeatedly underestimate how long it will take you to complete a research paper A classic example was demonstrated in a series of experiments known as the quizmaster study (Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz, 1977). One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information, that involves judging estimates and The person who felt rejected was then motivated to: Unlike her friends, Olivia, a 25-year-old, refrains from spending lavishly on clothes and luxury items. You can now safely conclude that your professor will make what type of attribution This process is known as, Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called, "Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual and without awareness is called. The halo effect refers to the tendency to let the overall impression of an individual color the way in which we feel about their character. B. representativeness People tend to see cause-and-effect relationships, even where there is none! found out the opposite was true. both contestants and observers thought the contestants were more knowledgeable than the hosts. are more neutral regarding poverty and of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. attribution theory. to them. older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather Social psychologists refer to this as, Researchers provided study participants with evidence that either risk-prone or cautious people make Those who make mostly situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment may tend to adopt political positions that, favor more governmental financial support for the poor, Those who make mostly dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment may tend to adopt political positions that. Your best friend is a master chess player, and has won numerous awards. Dispositional attribution assigns the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of a person rather than to outside forces. B. the illusion of control. Answer. C. could not remember how they had felt. Summary. By Thomas B. Edsall. behave in a warm and sociable manner. First, we are too likely to make strong personal attributions to account for the behavior that we observe others engaging in. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the Kruger and Dunning (1999) found that those students who scored lowest on tests of grammar and logic were _______ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills. D. the overconfidence phenomenon. What explanation below best explains this use of the fundamental attribution error? D. are more neutral regarding poverty and unemployment. The patients who had investment experience, Expectations can often predict behavior because. A. Obviously, those things that we have the power to control would be labeled controllable (Weiner, 1979). New York: Wiley. Researchers investigated the reduction of littering in three high school classrooms. than the one you actually earned. This behavior has low social desirability (non-conforming) and is likely to correspond with the personality of the individual. The patients who had no investment A. availability Samantha files harassment charges against Steve. EXTERNAL When explaining a persons behaviours, we typically ignore situational influences on their behaviour. C. act more kindly toward others. . They have excessive sex-related thoughts or fantasies that persist for a minimum duration of 3 months. Whereas, situational attribution is the tendency to analyze a person's actions according to the situation that they are in. women thought to be attractive spoke in a more aloof and superior manner. influences on other people's behavior is called the, After reading a newspaper article about teenagers who illegally download music from the Internet,
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